Mitochondrial Neurogastrointestinal Encephalopathy Disease...

Zarae Allen Mrs.Willard Honors Biology 1December 2016 Mitochondrial Neurogastrointestinal Encephalopathy Mitochondrial Neurogastrointestinal Encephalopathy disease (MNGIE) is an extremely rare disease that affects the process of muscles and shows up in equal numbers of men and women. Only 70 cases of this disease have been reported. A mutation of the thymidine phosphorylase causes MNGIE and lowers the production of adenosine triphosphate production. To begin, mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy disease is related to adenosine triphosphate because it lowers the production. In a case report on Hindawi called â€Å" Anesthetic Management of a Child with Mitochondrial Neurogastrointestinal Encephalopathy† it states, â€Å" These mutations can result in a decrease in ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation in the respiratory chain found in the mitochondria, affecting tissues that have high energy demands including cardiac, nervous, and skeletal muscle tissue.† An enzyme called thymidine phosphorylase, mutates affecting how ATP is made. As a result, it affec ts the muscle cells of the organism because people with this disorder do not have enough energy to move their muscles in their body. Also, in Genetic Home Reference that had the topic of MNGIE, it reads â€Å"... the muscles and nerves of the digestive system do not move food through the digestive tract efficiently. The resulting digestive problems include feelings of fullness (satiety)

Essay on Legal Article Review - 2785 Words

* Article or Case Law Search Resource: Article or Case Law Search Grading Criteria Find an article or a current legal case involving one of the following: * A critical regulatory issue in health care * A critical regulatory issue specific to institutional health care ------------------------------------------------- Write a 700- to 1,050-word analysis of the article or legal case and prepare to present how the issue in the article or legal case relates to the nature, sources, and functions of the law. References Health Care Issues Brief- Acute Care (1997-2012). Retrieved from http://www.asha.org/slp/healthcare/acute_care.htm Changes Impacting Speech-Language Pathology Practice In An Acute Care Medical Setting†¦show more content†¦1. Aging Population * People are living longer. * End of life is being prolonged through medical advances and technology. * Different issues are being considered: quality versus quantity of life and risks versus benefits; e.g., eating for pleasure despite risks. 2. Acuity * Patients with acute illnesses are surviving longer due to expanded medical knowledge, available procedures and medical technology. Therefore speech-language pathologists are seeing patients with higher acuity levels. * Speech-language pathologists are being asked to address increasingly complex questions (e.g., managing a patient with dysphagia following a gastric pull-up procedure). 3. Advances in Medicine and Technology * Medical advances are leading to decreased sequelae after initial trauma/insult; e.g., sequelae of neurologic deficits following stroke are declining. * Surgical, pharmacological, and prosthetic interventions are reducing and replacing the need for behavioral therapy; (e.g., laryngeal surgery, tracheoesophageal prosthesis, Mestinon, thymectomy.) 4. Culturally Diverse Population * A more culturally diverse patient population is requiring providers to establish cultural competency by having improved knowledge of different cultural perspectivesShow MoreRelatedLegal Aspects of Diversity Article Review Essay900 Words   |  4 Pages Reference Forsyth, J. (2011, September 22). Bass pro shops accused of discrimination, racial slurs. Reuters. Retrieved from: http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/09/22/us-race-bassproshops- idUSTRE78L4K820110922 Bass pro shops: The story. (2012, March 01). Retrieved from http://www.basspro.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/CFPageC?storeId=10151amp;catalogId=10001amp;langId=-1amp;appID=659 Read MoreFinancial Services Essay707 Words   |  3 Pagesfor 2017. It is hard to believe the year is already drawing to a close! Our holiday edition of the newsletter is one of our biggest. This month’s articles will stimulate our minds by providing timely commentary on recent regulatory developments and useful guidance on handling legal and commercial issues in practice. Let us begin with an article on the hot topic of ICOs. ICO stands for Initial Coin Offering. Editorial board member Andrea Beatty and her co-author Daniel Taha (Keypoint Law) takeRead MoreThe Death Penalty : Costly, Counterproductive, And Corrupting1678 Words   |  7 PagesBright, Stephen B.: The death penalty as the answer to crime: costly, counterproductive and corrupting; 35 Santa Clara Law Review 1211 (1995) Summary paragraph: In Stephen Bright’s article, â€Å"The Death Penalty as the Answer to Crime: Costly, Counterproductive, and Corrupting† Bright asserts that capital punishment does not work because it is racially biased, the quality of the lawyers and attorneys supplied by the state to poor defendants is unfair, and that the law system currently in place doesRead MoreRestraints Review Of Qualitative And Quantitative Studies1517 Words   |  7 PagesRestraints Review of Qualitative and Quantitative studies The purpose of this paper is to critique the research article, Mohler Meyer’s â€Å"Attitude of nurses towards the use of restraints in geriatric care: A systemic review of qualitative and quantitative study 2014. The incident I am going to discuss in this paper is of Mr. P., an 85-year-old man, admitted to this facility about 4 months ago. His history includes coronary heart disease, cataract, dementia, hypertension, macular degeneration andRead MoreCase Study : Good Or Service773 Words   |  4 Pagesbecame tilted. Gulash brought suit, alleging that Stylarama had violated several provisions of Article 2 of the UCC. Is this transaction one involving goods, making it subject to Article 2? Gulash v. Stylarama, 33 Conn.Supp. 108, 364 A.2d 1221, Web 1975 Conn.Super. Lexis 209 (Superior Court of Connecticut) (Cheesman, 2010, p. 292). Introduction This review will address several issues associated with the legal, business, and ethics related to the case. First, it will address the legality of the caseRead MoreLegal Issues of Performance Management1106 Words   |  5 PagesLegal Issues of Performance Management Legal issues associated with a performance management system can vary, but as Herman Aguinis states â€Å"performance management systems that are fair and acceptable to the employees are also legally sound† (Aguinis, 2013). The following paper will review some of the most common mistakes found in performance management systems that allow for legal implications to take place. The primary focus will be directed towards procedural standardization and implementingRead MoreAn Essay Likely About Nothing1334 Words   |  6 Pagesfor human subject protection? a) The Public Health Service (PHS) syphilis study b) Nazi medical experiments c) Jewish chronic disease study d) Obedience to authority study (Milgram study) 160) IRB continuing review of an approved protocol must: a) Must occur only when the level of risk changes. b) Occur at least annually. c) Must be conducted by a convened IRB. d) Include copies of all signed consent forms. 161) A subject in a clinical research trial experiences a serious, unanticipatedRead MoreManaging Customer Perceptions of the Business Environment for Competitive Advantage1743 Words   |  7 PagesPredrag Basic BA 656 01/16/2011 Article Critique: Managing customer perceptions of the business environment for competitive advantage By: Toni Hilton, PhD Westminster Business School, UK and Warwick Jones, PhD University of the West of England, UK Journal of Customer Behavior, 2010, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 265-281 Article Summary Per Bendapudi and Berry, the environmental influences consumer behavior but does not influence consumers’ trust. Organizations have to research extentRead MoreCompetency And Competency For Stand Trial986 Words   |  4 Pages[Electronic Version]. Applied Psychology in Criminal Justice, 2(3), 82-113. Summary: This article was written by Randy K. Otto fir the journal, Applied Psychology in Criminal Justice. The subject of this article is to review the legal framework regarding competency to stand trial, or competency to proceed, as it pertains to our current court system, provide a recommend format for competency evaluations, and review special topics and/or related issues. Competency to stand trial is defined as â€Å"the abilityRead MoreWhat Are The Two Primary Functions Of The U.s. Constitution? Essay871 Words   |  4 PagesS. Constitution is to protect individual’s rights from governmental overreaching. 2. What is the power of judicial review, and why is it so important to our legal system? -The power of the judicial review is â€Å"A court’s power to review statutes to decide if they conform to the U.S. or state constitutions†. It is important to our legal system to have the power of the judicial review as a tool to the disposal of the courts when conflicts arise within the law or constitution. 3a. Read the excerpts

Essay On A Complex Case Of Pregnancy †Free Samples For Students

Question: Discuss About The Essay On A Complex Case Of Pregnancy? Answer: Introduction: Perinatal care involves an important aspect of midwifery. Midwives working in a setting of primary health care, pregnancy or birthing units, and neonatal or perinatal care units are required to have the necessary skills and technical knowledge of complications during pregnancy and the medical care procedures to avoid problems pertaining to pregnancy (Aksornphusitaphong Phupong, 2013). The primary responsibilities of the midwife include the assessment, diagnosis, and appropriate nursing care management of pregnant women. One of the primary and most common complications in pregnancy is pre-eclampsia and hypertensive disorders. Additionally, the mortality rate of mothers with hypertensive disorders is high (Stellenberg Ngwekazi, 2016). Pre-eclampsia is additionally called toxaemia and is characterised by the elevation in the levels of blood pressure in pregnant women. Pre-eclampsia is a type of hypertensive disorder and is found to be responsible for approximately 8% mortality in pregnant women. The complication of pre-eclampsia during pregnancy commonly develops during the third trimester of pregnancy and is less commonly encountered in the gestational period (English, Kenney, McCarthy, 2015). The risk factors for the development of pre-eclampsia during pregnancy are varied and range across multiple elements such as nulliparity, obesity, chronic diabetes, medical history in the family, or donation of ova (Buhimschi et al., 2014). The current article discusses a case study of complication of pre-eclampsia during pregnancy, the pathophysiology of the disease, midwifery and nursing care in pregnant women with pre-eclampsia, and the role of the midwife in pregnancy and prenatal pre-eclampsia therapy protocol (Stellenberg Ngwekazi, 2016). Case-study: Clara Turner is a 32-year-old housewife. She is a first-time mother. She current lives with Richard Turner, her husband, in Clermont, Queensland. Clara presented to the hospital complaining of severe pain in the abdomen, last week. Clara is a housewife and Richard works on the family farm. Clara does not have a medical history of high blood pressure or diabetes. Claras trimestral records in pregnancy show striae gravidarum, melasma, and lineanigra. She additionally complained of headache and nausea frequently. The patient has a medical history of hypertension on her paternal familial side i.e. both her paternal grandmother and father had hypertension. Clara experiences anxiety and restlessness. Her medical examination shows borderline obesity and raised blood pressure. Clara was diagnosed with pre-eclampsia. Clara has been rapidly putting on weight ever since her first presentation, has dizziness and headaches frequently, and has excessive instances of nausea. Upon examination, it wa s found that the urine output is decreased and her neurological reflexes and orientation are slightly hindered. Pre-eclampsia pathophysiology and disease mechanism: Pre-eclampsia belongs to the large spectrum of diseases associated with hypertension and is commonly found in pregnant women during the third trimester of pregnancy (Mustafa, Ahmed, Gupta, Venuto, 2012).It has a high aetiology rate and is one of the most common complications ofpregnancy. The pathogenesis and the disease mechanism is relatively unknown in research. The hypertension that is found in pregnant women with pre-eclampsia has several harmful or adverse effects on the foetus and the mother.The development of pre-eclampsia generally occurs during the twentieth week of pregnancy or during the childbirth. The condition can last up to the postpartum stage of 48 hours (Ferreira, Silveira, Silva, Souza, Ruiz, 2016). Pre-eclampsia is one of the broad spectrum of diseases belonging to the pathobiology of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy (Direkvand-Moghadam et al, 2012). The other disorders include: chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, and pre-eclampsia (Ferreira et al., 2016). The determination of pre-eclampsia in pregnancy is primarily done by means of measurement of blood pressure values. The value of 140/90 mm Hg or higher value of blood pressure (diastolic pressure of 140 mmHg and systolic value of 90 mmHg) indicate the presence of pre-eclampsia in pregnancy. Pathogenesis of the disease: The physiological observations of the disease include the presence of several significant modifications in the vascular system of the patient (Guerrier et al., 2013).The systemic blood flow and vascular hemodynamic characteristics are greatly altered in the disease condition(Mustafa et al., 2012). The alterations are found in the prenatal stages. These changes may be appreciated upon inspection and physical examination (Shegaze et al., 2016). There are observable changes in the systolic and diastolic blood pressure values(Direkvand-Moghadam et al, 2012). The increase in the level of diastolic pressure is higher as compared to the diastolic pressure values. The alterations are seen during the 20th week of pregnancy and the values may be higher than 140 mmHg. The systemic values of blood pressure and the vascular blood flow also increase accordingly. These changes are accompanied by elevation in the levels of cardiac output (Mustafa et al, 2012). The peak t hreshold value of blood pressure and cardiac output are reached during the 18th and the 20th week of gestation. The values are incremented with the progress of pregnancy (Kattah Garovic, 2013). Additionally, there is an observable increase in the stroke volume, pulse, and heart rate. The increase in the stroke volume and heart rate result in the increase in the amount of blood that is pumped to the heart. The quantity of blood flow increases to the circulations of the pulmonary and the systemic type (Guerrier et al., 2013). The load of blood volume is necessarily increased as a consequence of the raised blood flow rate. The vascular changes in circulation result in the increased blood volume load leading to higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure and cardiac output. Patients may experience palpitations and anxiety at several instances, as in the case of Clara. The increase in the load of blood volume leads to hypertrophy in the left ventricle of the heart. This leads to an inc rease in the work load on the cardiac muscles and increased relaxation durations in the cardiac cycle (Mustafa et al., 2012). The mean arterial pressure value is greatly reduced. Therefore, the cardiac work load increases manifold in order to keep up with the increase in the cardiac output. There is a substantial elevation in the volume of plasma, leading to the increased cardiac output. This increases the capacity of circulation in the blood flow (Kenny et al., 2014). Therefore, there is an observable level of increase in the capacity of blood circulation along with a decline in the tone of circulation.Therefore, during gestation, the vasculature is mostly flaccid. However, the muscle tone is mostly rough and the reduction in the smoothness is not just limited to the vasculature of the system. The muscle tone may be shared with the smooth muscles present in the urinary tracts and the gastrointestinal tract. The pathobiology of the disease and the subsequent regulation in the volume of the blood flow can be done through hormones circulating in the blood (Lecarpentier et al., 2013). These hormones mainly include the system of aldosterone, renin, and angiotensin circulating in the blood. The level of catecholamine in the blood is also greatly enhanced during the period of gestation (Ferreira et al., 2016). The renal perfusion and the plasma volume are greatly reduced due to the stimuli of the physiological basis of these hormones. The pressor compounds that are infused during pregnancy also contribute to an effect of vasoconstriction. The pathophysiological factors of causation of hypertensive disorders and pre-eclampsia in pregnancy include placental, renal, dietary, or immunological elements (Lecarpentier et al., 2013). Vascular injuries resulted from immunological mediation may also lead to the development of pre-eclampsia. The renal function and glomerular filtration rate are greatly r educed in pregnant women with pre-eclampsia (Kattah, Garovic, 2013). Role of the midwife: The midwives working in prenatal or pregnancy units have a considerable amount of responsibility in the identification of a plausible case of pre-eclampsia in pregnancy (Stellenberg Ngwekazi, 2016).The primary factors that determine the presence of pre-eclampsia include oedema (Lecarpentier et al., 2013). This is frequently accompanied by the presence of proteinuria. Midwives function in a role that comprises of both medical knowledge and traditional birthing skills. Pregnant women with gestational complications are in an extremely vulnerable and helpless situation which needs to be taken into consideration by the midwives. The primary intervention is to determine the measured values of blood pressure. The symptoms of pre-eclampsia need to be monitored. The assessment and the interpretation of the blood pressure values need to be made at immediate suspicion. The hyperbasric index and the ambulatory blood pressure have to be determined (Navaratnam et al., 2013). The hyperbaric pressure is determined when the blood pressure increase is higher than 90% of the limit of tolerance in a specific period of time. The treatment protocol mainly involves medication for hypertension. The diagnosis of pre-eclampsia includes a high value of blood pressure at approximately 100 mmHg of diastolic pressure (approximately 140 mmHg), proteinuria ( 5g in a span of 24 hours), and observable oedema of the pulmonary kind (Stellenberg Ngwekazi, 2016). The management of pre-eclampsia includes a significant role of the midwife, starting from the identification, diagnosis, treatment, and childbirth(Rowe et al, 2012). The midwife is required to observe the tendencies and presentations of pre-eclampsia, signs and symptoms, and diagnosis. The identification of the disease in the gestational or prenatal phase enables the appropriate determination of the underlying vascular and renal pathomechanism (Rowe et al., 2012). Therefore, it enables the appropriate measure for treatment. The hormonal inconsistencies and the treatment for the hypertensive disorder does not have any implications on the gestational cycle or the childbirth (Tessema et al., 2015). The treatment procedure does not cause any delays or alterations in the time of the childbirth. However, the occurrence of elevated blood pressure levels, diastolic pressure, cardiac output, and heart rate are common symptoms in hypertensive spectrum disorders (Tessema et al., 2015). Therefor e, the determination of proteinuria and related symptoms of pre-eclampsia is essential in midwifery (Stellenberg Ngwekazi, 2016). Conclusion: Hypertensive spectrum of disorders and pregnancy complications are much common across the world. The presence of pre-eclampsia as a complication in pregnancy is one of the most common occurrences. The midwife is required to monitor the individual presentations, the disease pathology, and symptoms. The diagnosis of the disease in the prenatal and gestational stages enables immediate recognition and subsequent timely treatment. The cure of hypertension or preeclampsia does not typically occur with hypertension medication, but occurs after childbirth. Therefore, the role of the midwife is significant during the childbirth and in the neonatal care. The midwife is required to determine the early signs and symptoms of the health of the pregnant woman. It is essential for the midwife to determine the specific blood flow volume and cardiac output as signs of pre-eclampsia. Since the disease is associated with high degrees of mortality in pregnant women and the foetus, it is critical to metic ulously perform physical examinations at the early stage along with understanding and recording the frequency and severity of oedema, nausea, and headache. Pre-eclampsia has a high rate of aetiology and leads to several complications during the gestation period. The disorder is co-morbid in pregnancy and is present until childbirth References: Aksornphusitaphong, A., Phupong, V. (2013). Risk factors of early and late onset preeclampsia. J ObstetGynaecol Res., 39, 627-631 Buhimschi, I.A., Nayeri, U.A., Zhao, G., et al. (2014). Protein misfolding, congophilia, oligomerization, and defective amyloid processing in preeclampsia. Science Transl Med., 6(245), 245ra292. Direkvand-Moghadam, A., Khosravi, A., Sayehmiri, K. (2012). Predictivefactors for preeclampsia in pregnant women: a univariate and multivariatelogistic regression analysis.Acta Biochim Pol, 59, 673-677 English, F.A., Kenney, L.C., McCarthy, F.P. (2015). Integrated blood pressure control. Risk factors and effective management of preeclampsia, 8, 712 Ferreira, M.B.G., Silveira, C.F., Silva, S.R., Souza, D.J., Ruiz, M.T. (2016). Nursing care for women with pre-eclampsia and/or eclampsia: integrative review. Rev Esc Enferm USP., 50(2), 320-330 Guerrier, G., Oluyide, B., Keramarou, M., Grais, R.F. (2013). Factors associatedwith severe preeclampsia and eclampsia in Jahun, Nigeria. Int J WomensHealth, 5, 509-513. Kattah, A.G.Garovic, V. (2013). The Management of Hypertension in Pregnancy. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis., 20(3), 229239 Kenny, L.C., Black, M.A., Poston, L., et al. (2014). Early pregnancy prediction of preeclampsia in nulliparous women, combining clinical risk and biomarkers: the Screening for Pregnancy Endpoints (SCOPE) international cohort study. Hypertension, 64(3), 644652. Lecarpentier, E., Tsatsaris, V., Goffinet, F., Cabrol, D., Sibai, B., et al. (2013). Riskfactors of superimposed preeclampsia in women with essential chronichypertension treated before pregnancy. Plos One, 8, e62140 Mustafa, R., Ahmed, S., Gupta, A.,Venuto, R.C. (2012). A ComprehensivConclusion: Navaratnam, K., Alfirevic, Z., Baker, P.N., et al. (2013). A multi-centre phase IIa clinical study of predictive testing for preeclampsia: improved pregnancy outcomes via early detection (IMPROvED). BMC Pregnancy Childbirth,13, 226. Rowe, R.E., Kurinczuk, J.J., Locock, L., et al. (2012). Womens experience of transfer frommidwifery unit to hospital obstetric unit during labour: A qualitative interview study.BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 12, 129. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-12-129 Stellenberg, E.L. Ngwekazi, N.L. (2016). Knowledge of midwivesabout hypertensive disordersduring pregnancy in primaryhealthcare. Afr J Prm HealthCare Fam Med, 8(1),a899. Shegaze, M., Markos, Y., Estifaons, W., Taye, I. et al. (2016). Magnitude and Associated Factors of Preeclampsia Among Pregnant Womenwho Attend Antenatal Care Service in Public Health Institutions in Arba Minch Town, Southern Ethiopia. GynecolObstet (Sunnyvale), 6(12), 1-6 Tessema, G.A., Tekeste, A., Ayele, T.A. (2015). Preeclampsia and associatedfactors amongpregnant women attending antenatal care in Dessie referralhospital, Northeast Ethiopia: a hospital-based study. BMC Pregnancy andChildbirth, 15, 73.